Types of Reinforcement

People experience been using the theory of honourment even though they have not properly studied this theoretical concept. They have been employing this theory to strengthen the resolution for a particular input or environmental event (Huitt and Hummel). reenforcement theory generally states that the frequency of eliciting the same response will believably append if it is followed by a reinforcing stimulus. The probability of repeating the same expression in the future is dependent on what occurs after the individual engages in that demeanor (Malala, et al. ). There are four types of strengthener.Each type of reinforcement is wondrous by the kind of stimulus presented after the response. In coercive reinforcement, for instance, a arbitrary stimulus is presented after a certain response to adjoin the frequency of that response of doings (Malala, et al. , Huitt and Hummel). The positive stimulus normally comes in the form of rewards. Positive reinforcement has been util ise in school settings to reinforce positive attitude towards studying. For example, academic awards such as medals and certificates are assumption to students who excel academically or in a certain study such as sports.While the previous example used a perceptible positive reinforcer, it could also be intangible. To cite an example, according to Kobus and her associates (48), the praise, support, and hike of teachers and signifi whoremongert others (e. g. , parents) motivate grade school students to work hard and add their self-efficacy (i. e, confidence in ones capability). Positive reinforcement has lots been used by parents as well. They reward their children with a reinforcer such as money for their hard work in school or for cleaning their room.The concept has also been applied by companies for their employees. Salary increase and promotion, for example, are awarded to hardworking employees for their outstanding performance. On the other hand, in electronegative reinfor cement, the reinforcer, which is something negative, is withdrawn after the response. Repetition of this phenomenon will increase the occurrence of the response. This is usually observed when a person wants to avoid the negative reinforcer (Huitt and Hummel). For instance, children result the house rules so that their parents will not get mad at them.In this example, the negative reinforcer is the anger of the parents while the response is the obedience of children. At work, employees meet their requirements and deadlines to avoid being reprimanded by their boss. Most people designate that negative reinforcement and penalisation is the same, which is a misconception. While negative reinforcement elicits a positive response due to the removal of the negative reinforcer after the response, punishment lessens the frequency of a response or bearing by presenting a negative stimulus after the response (Huitt and Hummel).Punishment has been used at home, in school, and in the workplac e. For example, at home, parents ground their children when they do not come home at the time agreed. In school, punishment is obligate to discipline students. A simple example of this is reprimanding noisy students for disrupting the class. Punishment has been a system adopted in schools in the form of disciplinary policies where punishment for specific types of school offense are indicated (Gaustad 3). In the workplace, an example of punishment could be reducing the salary of employees when they do not report to the shoes without filing a leave.As punishment, they will not be paid for the old age they did not come to work. The fourth type of reinforcement is extinction. In extinction, the frequency of a response or behavior is weakened when the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is removed (Huitt and Hummel). To cite an example, in the line of psychology, extinction learning has been used in treating disorders such as foreboding disorder. The goal of the treatme nt is to extinguish fear by teaching the patients that the stimulus they fear no longer results in harmful consequences (Anderson and Insel 319).For instance, the patient is unfastened to a previously feared event associated with an unpleasant outcome to get him or her accustomed to the event until he or she does not fear it anymore. extinction seat also occur in a corporate setting. When a company stops giving bonuses to hardworking employees, they may lose penury to work hard, resulting in a decline in productivity. Based on the examples stated earlier, it could be concluded that reinforcement affects the behavior of individuals, children and adults alike.Reinforcement can all increase or decrease the frequency of a certain behavior depending on the stimulus or reinforcer presented (or removed) after the behavior. Hence, it could be inferred that behavior can be modified according to the pleasantness of the reinforcement that can be experienced for doing a certain behavior. F or example, an individuals positive or desired behavior can be maintained with positive or negative reinforcements, while his negative or unwanted behaviors can be extinguished through punishment or extinction.